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Number Stages And Grades Of Mouth Cancer
The stage of mouth cancer tells you how big it is, its depth, and whether it has spread. The grade tells you how much the cancer cells look like normal cells. This gives your doctor an idea of how the cancer might behave and what treatment you need. There are different ways of staging mouth cancer. These are the number staging system and the TNM system. The Number staging system divides mouth cancer into 4 main stages, from 1 to 4. Stage 1 is an early cancer and stage 4 is an advanced cancer. Some doctors also use stage 0. Doctors might also use the TNM staging system. Doctors stage mouth cancers differently from cancers that start in the throat behind the mouth (oropharyngeal cancer). How do doctors find out your stage? There are different ways to find out your stage. Your doctor might use: clinical staging before treatment and if you don't have surgery pathological staging if you do have surgery Clinical staging means the doctor stages you after examining you and looking at test and scan results. Doctors use clinical staging to plan your treatment. It's also the best way to stage people who aren't having surgery. You might see your clinical stage written as cTNM. Pathological staging means the doctor stages you after examining the tissue that the surgeon removes during an operation. This is also called surgical staging. The doctors combine your clinical stage results with the surgical results. Pathological staging is generally a more precise way to find out how far your cancer has spread. Your pathological stage might be different to your clinical stage. You might see your pathological stage written as pTNM. Pathological staging is different from clinical staging for mouth cancer. For example, pathological staging looks at the number of lymph nodes containing cancer rather than their size. We describe the clinical stage below. This is because not everyone with mouth cancer has surgery to stage their cancer, so doctors don't always know the pathological stage. Cancer staging is complicated, so if you need help understanding it, ask your doctor or specialist nurse to explain it to you. Stage 0 or carcinoma in situ (CIS) Stage 0 cancer or carcinoma in situ (CIS) means your cancer is at a very early stage. Some doctors prefer to call this pre cancer. There are cancer cells but they are all contained within the lining of the mouth. The cancer cells have not spread. If the pre cancer is not treated, there is a high risk the condition will develop into an invasive cancer. In the TNM staging system stage 0 mouth cancer is the same as Tis, N0, M0. Stage 1 This is the earliest stage of invasive cancer. It means the cancer is 2cm or smaller and it is 5mm deep or less. It has not spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes or other organs. In the TNM staging system, stage 1 mouth cancer is the same as T1, N0, M0. Stage 2 Stage 2 can mean one of the following: the cancer is 2cm or smaller, and it is deeper than 5mm but no deeper than 10mm the cancer is larger than 2cm but no larger than 4cm, and it is 10mm deep or less The cancer has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or other organs. In the TNM staging system, stage 2 mouth cancer is the same as T2, N0, M0 Stage 3 Stage 3 can mean one of the following; In the TNM staging system, stage 3 mouth cancer is the same as one of the following: T3, N0, M0 T1 - 3, N1, M0 Stage 4 Stage 4 means the cancer is advanced. It is further divided into 3 stages - 4a, 4b and 4c. Stage 4a Stage 4a can mean one of the following: the cancer has grown further than the mouth and into surrounding structures such as the jaw bones, the skin of the face or the facial air filled cavities spaces in the skull (sinuses) or the tongue. One lymph node may contain cancer cells on the same side of the neck as the cancer. The node is no larger than 3cm across. The cancer has not spread into tissue surrounding the lymph node or other organs the cancer is any size or depth. It has spread into one or more lymph nodes on one or both sides of the neck. The lymph nodes are between 3 and 6cm in size. The cancer has not spread into the tissue surrounding the lymph node or other organs In the TNM staging system, stage 4a mouth cancer is the same as one of the following: T4a, N0 - 1, M0 T1 - 4a, N2, M0 Stage 4b Stage 4b can mean one of the following: the cancer is any size or depth. One lymph node contains cancer cells and is larger than 6cm across. The cancer has not spread into tissues surrounding the lymph node. Or any number of lymph nodes contain cancer and have spread into tissues surrounding the lymph node. The cancer has not spread to other organs the cancer has spread into nearby areas, such as the space behind the jaw, other nearby bones, the base of the skull or the tongue, or has surrounded a large blood vessel called the carotid artery. Any number of lymph nodes may contain cancer cells, they may be any size, on one or both sides of the neck and the cancer may have spread into the tissues surrounding the lymph node. The cancer has not spread to other organs. In the TNM staging system, stage 4b mouth cancer is the same as one of the following: any T, N3, M0 T4b, any N, M0 Stage 4c Stage 4c means the cancer has spread to other parts of the body such as the lungs or bones. In the TNM staging system, stage 4c mouth cancer means: Grades of mouth cancer The grade of a cancer tells you how much the cancer cells look like normal cells. This gives your doctor an idea of how the cancer might behave and what treatment you need. There are 3 grades of mouth cancer: grade 1 (low grade) means the cancer cells look like normal mouth cells grade 2 (intermediate grade) means the cancer cells look slightly different to normal mouth cells grade 3 (high grade) means the cancer cells look very abnormal and not much like normal mouth cells Your cancer might be graded as Gx. This means that the grade cannot be assessed. Differentiation Differentiation means how developed or mature a cell is. Doctors might describe cancer as poorly or well differentiated. Doctors might describe: grade 1 cancer as well differentiated grade 2 cancer cells are moderately differentiated grade 3 cancer cells are poorly differentiated Treatment The stage of your cancer helps your doctor to decide which treatment you need. Treatment also depends on: your type of cancer (the type of cells the cancer started in)where the cancer isother health conditions that you haveTreatment might include: If you have early stage lip cancer, you may have surgery or radiotherapy as your main treatment.How A Common Morning Mistake 'increases Your Risk Of Killer Cancer By 50%'
YOU wouldn't think brushing your teeth wrong could end up costing you your life.
But new research reveals that rushing in the morning and neglecting your gnashers could raise the risk of head and neck cancer.
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Good oral hygiene, including brushing twice a day, flossing can reduce your risk of cancerCredit: GettyDoctors have long known that nasty bacteria from gum disease can increase the risk of conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Until now, experts weren't sure which specific bacteria in the mouth were linked to cancer.
US scientists have now discovered over a dozen types of bacteria in the mouth that could boost the risk of the disease by 50 per cent.
They argue their findings highlight the importance of good oral hygiene, including brushing twice a day, flossing, and regular dentist visits.
But more than a third of British adults claim to never floss, according to a previous survey.
Study author Professor Richard Hayes, from New York University (NYU) said: "Our results offer yet another reason to keep up good oral hygiene habits.
"Brushing your teeth and flossing may not only help prevent periodontal disease but also may protect against head and neck cancer."
There are around 13,000 new cases of head and neck cancer every year - or 35 every day - and numbers are increasing 30 per cent each decade, experts warn.
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Mouth cancer signs you should NEVER ignoreSymptoms can be subtle, meaning it is often diagnosed at a late stage.
There are more than 30 areas within the head and neck where tumours can develop, which can make it hard to spot.
Nine in 10 head and neck cancers start in squamous cells, Macmillan Cancer Support says.
Squamous cells are flat, skin-like cells that cover the lining of the mouth, nose, larynx, thyroid and throat.
And although most often diagnosed in older adults, oral cancers are becoming increasingly common in younger people.
Previous research has suggested human papillomavirus (HPV), a virus spread via sex and through skin contact, could be driving the surge.
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More than a third of British adults claim to never flossCredit: GettyFor the study, published in JAMA Oncology, scientists analysed the diets, lifestyles and medical history data of almost 160,000 people in the US.
The volunteers were asked to rinse with mouthwash and provide saliva samples that were then preserved and tested for the number and types of microbes present.
At a follow 15 years later, 236 participants were diagnosed with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Their oral microbe DNA was compared with 458 participants who had remained cancer-free.
How you are brushing teeth wrong
NOT cleaning your teeth correctly could prove fatal, according to a dentist.
The oral expert, founder of Elleven Dental in London, said "If we don't look after our oral health it can have serious implications on our health further down the line.
"Aside from chronically bad breath (halitosis), neglecting to look after your teeth and gums can lead to issues including gum disease, teeth abscesses, decay, infections and even tooth loss.
"Increasingly, studies show the importance of flossing for neurological and cardiac health as well."
The best way to avoid complications? Taking good care of your teeth, including flossing every day.
Dr Patel said: "Flossing removes plaque from below the gum line, which can erode tooth enamel and cause tartar, as well as reduce the risk of gingivitis, cavities, and the likelihood of your gums becoming inflamed, sore, and red.
"Be sure to floss daily for optimum teeth and gum health, as well as for your overall well-being," he told MailOnline.
Aside from not flossing, other ways you could be cleaning your teeth wrong, according to Dr Patel, include:
For optimum oral health, he also suggests:
Smoking history, age and alcohol intake were also accounted for, so not to ruin the results.
The scientists said 13 species of different bacteria routinely found in the mouth were found to raise or lower the risk of cancer.
The group with high levels of these bacteria in their mouths had a 30 per cent greater likelihood of developing the disease.
In combination with five other species that are often seen in gum disease, the overall risk was increased by 50 per cent.
However, they added that the study does not establish a direct cause-and-effect link between bacteria and cancer.
Study co-author and associate director for population research at its Perlmutter Cancer Center said: "Now that we have identified key bacteria that may contribute to this disease, we next plan to explore the mechanisms that allow them to do so and in what ways we can best intervene".
The at-home mirror test
Find a large mirror with good lighting, then get as close as you can to it.
he early signs of head and neck cancer can be felt in and around the neck, throat and jaw," Oracle Head & Neck Cancer UK said.
"Check along the insides of your lips and look at your gums. Are there any lumps, bumps or red or white patches?
"Look at the back of your mouth. Stick out your tongue and move it from side to side.
"Don't forget to look underneath your tongue too."
Next, it's time to assess the health of your neck by feeling under and around your jaw.
"This area can sometimes be a bit lumpy, especially if you've had a cold or other illness recently, so learn what's normal for you," OHNCUK said.
If you notice any of the following newly-developed symptoms, and you've had them for over three weeks, speak to your GP:
"A mouth check every month can really make a difference," Michelle said.
"If you have any concerns or notice anything that doesn't go away for three weeks, it is important to speak with a doctor or dentist to get checked out.
"The earlier you can catch cancer, the better your chances of successful treatment and recovery.
"If you look at other cancers as a comparison point, early detection rates for head and neck cancers are considerably lower than other cancers.
"Early-stage diagnosis for combined head and neck cancers is around 13 per cent and we want this to be at 75 per cent.
"Let's work together to raise awareness of how to prevent these cancers and improve earlier diagnosis of disease."
Warning Signs Of Oral Cancer That You Shouldn't Ignore
Oral cancer is grouped among the cancers of the head and neck and has some common risk factors including tobacco consumption. (Image: Freepik) Oral cancer is a preventable cancer with early detections of symptoms like mouth ulcers. Many people neglect the early signs of oral cancer. Read on to learn about the warning signs of oral cancer.Oral Cancer is a cancer of the mouth that affects the inside of the mouth including lips, tongue, gums and roof of the mouth. It is also known as oral cavity cancer. It can happen to anyone at any age. However, men above 40 are at higher risk of developing an oral cancer, according to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research.
Nearly 3.5 billion people worldwide suffer from oral disease, according to the World Health Organization. Typically, the signs and symptoms of oral cancers do not show up to the affected person at the early stage. A doctor is the best person to tell you if you have any signs of oral cancer. This is why regular dental checkups are important which many people neglect.
Signs Of Oral CancerEarly detection of the signs of oral cancer can help prevent its growth to the other parts.
Oral cancer is grouped among the cancers of the head and neck and has some common risk factors including tobacco consumption.
Risk factors can be controlled after making lifestyle changes. Shifting to a healthy lifestyle and adopting good dietary habits can help you reduce the risk of oral cancer. However, we strongly advise you to undergo a professional medical examination if you notice any signs of oral cancer in your mouth.
Disclaimer: This content is meant for generic information only. Always consult a doctor for better diagnosis, prevention and treatment of the above-mentioned health condition.
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